Fig. 9
Schematic diagram depicting of the effects of high plasma Aβ1-42 levels on peripheral innate immune cells and HSCs. In early stage (7-month-old) of AD mouse models, high plasma Aβ1-42 levels reduced the amounts of pro-inflammatory macrophages, MDSCs, GMP, as well as the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly. In late stage (11-month-old), high plasma Aβ1-42 levels increased the amounts of pro-inflammatory macrophages, MDSCs, GMP, and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as infiltrations of BMDMs in mice brain. In addition, high plasma Aβ1-42 levels increased the amounts of peripheral monocytes significantly