Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age, years, (IQR)

51.0

(42.0–60.0)

72.0

(67.0–76.0)

89.5

(84.0–93.5)

 < 0.001

Age group, years, n (%)

 < 45

8

(38.1)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

 < 0.001

 45 to < 65

9

(42.9)

5

(17.2)

2

(3.1)

 65 to < 85

4

(19.0)

23

(79.3)

15

(23.4)

 ≥ 85

0

(0.0)

1

(3.5)

47

(73.4)

Sex, no. (%)

 Male

7

(33.3)

23

(79.3)

16

(25.0)

 < 0.001

 Female

14

(66.7)

6

(20.7)

48

(75.0)

Body mass index, (IQR)

21.8

(20.9–23.2)

22.8

(20.7–24.2)

19.4

(17.4–21.1)

 < 0.001

ECOG-PS, n (%)

 0

21

(100.0)

22

(75.9)

0

(0.0)

 < 0.001

 1

0

(0.0)

7

(24.1)

0

(0.0)

 2

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

8

(12.5)

 3

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

17

(26.6)

 4

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

39

(60.9)

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Chronic respiratory diseases

0

(0.0)

26

(89.7)

10

(15.6)

 < 0.001

 Chronic heart diseases

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

19

(29.7)

 < 0.001

 Chronic liver diseases

0

(0.0)

2

(6.9)

3

(4.7)

0.493

 Chronic kidney disease

2

(9.5)

13

(44.8)

29

(45.3)

0.010

 Cerebrovascular diseases

1

(4.8)

3

(10.3)

28

(43.8)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

6

(28.6)

14

(48.3)

36

(56.3)

0.088

 Diabetes mellitus

1

(4.8)

8

(27.6)

14

(21.9)

0.122

 Solid cancer

0

(0.0)

4

(13.8)

5

(7.8)

0.203

 Leukemia

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

NC

 Lymphoma

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

2

(3.1)

0.451

 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

NC

 Connective tissue diseases

1

(4.8)

1

(3.4)

0

(0.0)

0.256

Immunosuppression ^b)

1

(4.8)

2

(6.9)

5

(7.8)

0.893

No. of Comorbidities, n (%)

 0

13

(61.9)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

 < 0.001

 1

5

(23.8)

6

(20.7)

6

(9.4)

 2

3

(14.3)

10

(34.5)

17

(26.6)

 ≥ 3

0

(0.0)

13

(44.8)

41

(64.1)

Functional Independence Measure, (IQR)

 Motor function

91.0

(91.0–91.0)

91.0

(91.0–91.0)

16.5

(13.0–45.0)

 < 0.001

 Cognitive function

35.0

(35.0–35.0)

35.0

(35.0–35.0)

15.0

(7.0–23.5)

 < 0.001

 Total score

126.0

(126.0–126.0)

126.0

(126.0–126.0)

30.5

(21.0–64.5)

 < 0.001

Mini-mental State Examination, (IQR)

30.0

(30.0–30.0)

27.0

(26.0–30.0)

7.0

(0.0–15.0)

 < 0.001

Laboratory data, (IQR)

 Serum total protein level (g/dL)

7.5

(7.2–7.6)

7.0

(6.7–7.3)

6.6

(6.3–7.2)

 < 0.001

 Serum albumin level (g/dL)

4.6

(4.5–4.8)

4.2

(4.1–4.3)

3.6

(3.3–3.9)

 < 0.001

 Serum cholesterol (mg/dL)

211.0

(194.0–234.0)

198.0

(171.0–212.0)

165.0

(142.0–190.5)

 < 0.001

 WBC /mm³

5600

(4900–7000)

5670

(4790–6520)

5050

(4045–6645)

0.214

 Lymphocyte (%)

32.0

(26.0–36.0)

28.1

(24.2–32.4)

26.1

(19.6–32.0)

0.007

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.0

(12.2–14.6)

13.5

(12.8–14.6)

11.1

(10.0–12.7)

 < 0.001

 Platelet (× 10⁴/μL)

21.0

(17.2–24.6)

20.7

(15.3–24.5)

19.9

(16.1–26.2)

0.873

 Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.6

(0.5–0.7)

0.7

(0.4–0.8)

0.4

(0.3–0.6)

 < 0.001

 AST (U/L)

20.0

(18.0–27.0)

23.0

(19.0–31.0)

21.0

(18.5–28.0)

0.357

 ALT (U/L)

16.0

(14.0–23.0)

20.0

(16.0–31.0)

15.0

(11.0–22.0)

0.014

 LDH (U/L)

168.0

(144.0–180.0)

192.0

(173.0–222.0)

161.0

(141.5–186.5)

 < 0.001

 e-GFR (mL/min per 1·73 m²)

78.6

(68.6–83.7)

61.3

(55.0–75.7)

65.3

(49.7–94.3)

0.071

 HbA1c (%)

5.6

(5.5–5.8)

6.0

(5.6–6.4)

5.4

(5.2–5.8)

 < 0.001