From: sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as soluble marker candidates for detecting immunosenescence
Disease | sCD163 level (specimen) | Clinical Importance | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Atherosclerosis | 2.469 (0.264–9.063) mg/L (plasma) | Elevated in coronary atherosclerosis. | [49] |
Liver failure | 808.6 ± 433.0 ng/mL (serum) | Elevated in fulminant liver failure, positively correlated with prolonged prothrombin time and mortality. | [50] |
Cirrhosis | 4.5 mg/L (plasma) | Elevated in cirrhosis and has positive correlation with Child-Pugh classification, also portal hypertension predictor marker. | [51] |
5.77 mg/L (plasma) | Elevated in cirrhosis that caused by Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and correlated with other inflammatory markers. | [52] | |
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | 2.5–3.9 mg/L (plasma) | Liver fibrosis predictor. | [53] |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) | 1.95 (0.63–6.97) mg/L (serum) | Elevated in T2DM and has positive correlation with insulin resistance. | [54] |
Obesity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V | 4.0 mg/L (plasma) | Has positive correlation with increased fat mass and other inflammatory markers in CKD stage V. | [55] |
HIV infection | 2.89 (2.22–3.42) mg/L (plasma) | Correlated with RNA viral load, risk for cardiovascular event (age, ethnic, body mass index, and HDL), also response to the treatment. | [56] |
1343.0 ± 161.4 ng/mL (plasma) | Correlated with neurocognitive disturbance. | [43] | |
From 1.085 (828 − 1.480) to 792 (562–1.025) ng/ml (plasma) | Has negative correlation with anti-retroviral treatment. | [57] | |
Leprosy | 177.6 ± 62.18 ng/mL (serum) | Positively correlated with disease severity. | [58] |
Visceral leishmaniasis | 152.1 ± 67.86 ng/mL (serum) | Positively correlated with disease severity. | [58] |
Autoimmune hepatitis | 9.5 (3.3–28.8) mg/L (plasma) | Has positive correlation with disease severity and disease activity, also with treatment response. | [59] |
SLE | 1581 ng/ml (serum) | Diagnostic and disease activity marker for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in SLE. | [60] |
483.7 ± 260.8 ng/mL (serum) | Positively correlated with atherosclerosis plaque formation in SLE patients that have low cardiovascular event risk. | [61] | |
Lupus nephritis | 67.04 ± 18.70 ng/mL (serum) | Correlated with disease severity and poor prognostic indicator. | [62] |
114.01 pg/mg (urine) | Marker for disease activity in lupus nephritis. | [63] | |
2.91 ± 2.52 U/mL/mg/dL (urine) | Disease activity marker for lupus nephritis and correlated with clinical manifestation, conventional laboratory test (urea and creatinine), also renal pathology. | [64] | |
22.02 (pg/mL)/(mg/dL) (urine) | Can distinguish lupus nephritis patients from SLE without nephritis also has strong correlation with activity index of renal pathology. | [65] | |
Glomerulonephritis | 3.9 µg/ mmol (urine) | Stable marker for glomerulonephritis and can be used outside health facility also has correlation with treatment response. | [66] |
Systemic sclerosis | 529 ± 251 ng/mL (serum) | Potential marker for systemic sclerosis. | [67] |
984 ± 420 ng/mL (serum) | Elevated in systemic sclerosis and negatively correlated with risk for digital ulcer but positively correlated with more severe skin manifestation. | [68] | |
Gastric cancer | 0.291–1.76 µg/mL (serum) | Diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric cancer. | [69] |