Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection in aged nonhuman primates is associated with modulated pulmonary and systemic immune responses

Table 2 Cytokines and chemokines in serum of SARS-CoV infected aged and juvenile monkeys

	Concentration pg/ml cytokine +/− SE
Cytokine or chemokine	Day 1		Day 5		Day 10		Statistics
	Juvenile	Aged	Juvenile	Aged	Juvenile	Aged
IL-1 ra	1.7 ± 1.3	12.0 + 3.1	59 ± 3.6	16.9 + 3.7	7.1 ± 3.9	6.7 ± 2.1	age p = 0.06
IL-8	156.0 ± 66.6	198.5 ± 81.4	200.2 ± 180.8	204.6 ± 98.5	151.1 ± 130.2	105.1 ± 73.7
IL-12	34.1 ± 6.8	66.4 ± 15.0	37.5 ± 14.6	45.0 ± 21.2	24.4 ± 8.8	75.9 ± 42.1
IL-15	2.2 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 1.2	4.0 ± 1.3	3.2 ± 0.4	d.p.i. ^*
IL-23	34.1 ± 6.8	58.1 ± 15.4	37.5 ± 14.6	45.0 ± 21.2	24.4 ± 8.8	75.9 ± 42.1
IFN-y	0.7 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 0.8	2.5 ± 1.1	3.8 ± 2.6
CCL2	1657.5 ± 129.5	1631.0 ± 463.9	3279.1 ± 619.9	1920.4 ± 535.5	1826.0 ± 5972	1160.0 ± 415.0	d.p.i. ^*
CCL3	2.6 ± 0.7	9.4 ± 2.3	2.1 ± 1.2	4.9 ± 2.9	0.5 ± 0.2	6.6 ± 2.1*	age ^* , d.p.i. ^*

Values represent picograms +/- standard error. Results of a 2-way ANOVA for age and days post infection (d.p.i.) are indicated at the right with asterisks denoting degree of significance p < 0.05. Significantly higher levels of cytokine at specific time points as determined by Bonferonni post tests are in bold.

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