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Table 4 Relationship between plasma cytokine levels and age in rhesus macaques

From: Immune correlates of aging in outdoor-housed captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Category cytokine

All animals

Mean concentration ± st. dev. (pg/ml)

P b

Correlation coefficient ( r )a

P

Younger group (2–9 years)

Middle group (10–17 years)

Older group (18–24 years)

Pro-inflammatory / Th1 induction:

IFN-γ

0.2569

0.0085

27.29 ± 24.40

26.59 ± 24.09

59.99 ± 107.04

n.s.c

IL-1β

0.2704

0.0055

10.06 ± 14.18

10.19 ± 15.57

16.67 ± 18.18

0.0457

IL-6

0.2163

0.0290

2.89 ± 3.69

3.42 ± 3.94

6.18 ± 11.31

n.s.

IL-12/IL-23 (p40)

0.3004

0.0019

240.91 ± 335.77

245.70 ± 339.13

443.50 ± 564.21

0.0492

IL-15

0.2792

0.0045

11.25 ± 9.05

11.55 ± 8.80

16.05 ± 13.57

n.s.

IL-17

0.0281

n.s.

2.81 ± 5.72

2.15 ± 5.20

2.97 ± 12.88

n.s.

MIF

0.5151

0.0036

130.19 ± 61.89

371.06 ± 293.29

624.15 ± 598.64

n.s.

sCD40L

0.3621

0.0016

2,731.76 ± 4,072.20

2,644.32 ± 3,646.08

5,874.23 ± 4,435.26

0.0025

TNF-α

0.3407

0.0004

28.40 ± 35.51

30.71 ± 42.78

62.28 ± 62.43

0.0376

Chemokines:

Eotaxin (CCL11)

0.1865

n.s.

441.49 ± 92.46

738.88 ± 345.51

635.78 ± 370.24

n.s.

IL-8 (CXCL8)

0.2165

0.0280

1,273.54 ± 2,115.97

1,538.39 ± 2,287.07

3,970.65 ± 7,165.05

0.0345

I-TAC (CXCL11)

−0.0762

n.s.

111.86 ± 241.19

140.35 ± 198.89

92.71 ± 116.12

n.s.

MCP-1 (CCL2)

0.2644

0.0067

318.35 ± 176.44

338.75 ± 236.98

400.60 ± 190.78

0.0270

MDC (CCL22)

0.1279

n.s.

934.06 ± 626.64

1,657.17 ± 729.31

1,220.65 ± 1,113.48

n.s.

MIG (CXCL9)

−0.4799

0.0073

112.82 ± 24.23

120.31 ± 22.89

83.66 ± 13.81

0.0019

MIP-1α (CCL3L1)

0.2877

0.0031

23.64 ± 20.58

25.07 ± 22.63

36.69 ± 33.56

0.0466

MIP-1β (CCL4)

0.0786

0.0108

19.84 ± 19.56

15.33 ± 15.74

24.78 ± 37.63

n.s.

RANTES (CCL5)

0.2065

n.s.

16,617.28 ± 8,693.23

43,928.17 ± 61,521.00

38,343.38 ± 56,904.69

n.s.

Growth factors:

EGF

0.6582

< 0.0001

33.80 ± 6.86

85.33 ± 126.15

321.85 ± 148.42

<0.0001

FGF-basic

0.4038

0.0269

13.24 ± 2.59

13.85 ± 2.14

20.05 ± 8.54

n.s.

G-CSF

0.3179

0.0011

73.69 ± 94.41

77.18 ± 94.45

115.94 ± 111.56

0.0258

GM-CSF

0.0162

n.s.

83.77 ± 247.97

93.94 ± 273.92

74.80 ± 210.17

n.s.

HGF

0.1149

n.s.

107.24 ± 23.63

148.00 ± 73.14

136.17 ± 107.81

n.s.

IL-2

0.4062

< 0.0001

75.93 ± 84.58

87.88 ± 72.09

162.49 ± 131.83

0.0004

TGF-α

0.2533

0.0318

9.28 ± 7.64

7.50 ± 6.30

13.75 ± 8.05

0.0258

TGF-β1

0.1896

n.s.

17,577.10 ± 7,978.62

16,257.61 ± 7,884.94

22,025.53 ± 8,156.91

n.s.

TGF-β2

0.1043

n.s.

2,252.57 ± 1,121.62

2,113.75 ± 1,141.93

2,493.74 ± 847.81

n.s.

TGF-β3

−0.3218

0.0457

27.66 ± 13.09

17.57 ± 9.15

19.46 ± 9.79

n.s.

VEGF

0.0380

n.s.

91.90 ± 164.42

77.34 ± 158.25

105.50 ± 169.99

n.s.

Anti-inflammatory / B cell and Th2 induction:

IL-1ra

0.3533

0.0002

195.35 ± 393.17

212.41 ± 352.53

466.24 ± 559.77

0.0126

IL-4

0.3496

0.0003

73.18 ± 144.16

86.82 ± 157.78

170.45 ± 197.72

0.0120

IL-5

−0.3003

0.0022

4.45 ± 5.63

3.28 ± 4.46

1.51 ± 2.37

0.0021

IL-10

0.1017

n.s.

4.60 ± 4.33

5.73 ± 9.92

6.35 ± 9.52

n.s.

IL-13

0.2172

n.s.

2.37 ± 1.96

3.76 ± 4.62

4.05 ± 6.28

n.s.

  1. a Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for each circulating cytokine concentration over age of the rhesus macaques. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  2. b Means of circulating cyotokine concentration were calculated for the three age groups of rhesus macaques. Student’s t Test was measured to determine statistically significant differences between the older and younger groups of animals. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  3. c n.s.; not significant.