Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and association analysis with pneumococcal colonization
Total n = 417 | Negative n = 376 | Positive n = 41 | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <75 years | 246 (58.99) | 218 (57.98) | 28 (68.29) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
≥75 years | 171 (41.01) | 158 (42.02) | 13 (31.71) | 0.641 (0.322–1.276) | 0.205 | 0.685 (0.332–1.414) | 0.306 | |
Mean age (sd) | 73.97 (6.66) | 74.13 (6.64) | 72.49 (6.76) | 0.961 (0.911–1.013) | 0.135 | 0.969 (0.917–1.025) | 0.277 | |
Sex | Male | 115 (27.58) | 106 (28.19) | 9 (21.95) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Female | 302 (72.42) | 270 (71.81) | 32 (78.05) | 1.396 (0.644–3.023) | 0.398 | 1.208 (0.549–2.658) | 0.638 | |
Ethnicity | Caucasian | 403 (96.64) | 366 (97.34) | 37 (90.24) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Non-Caucasian | 10 (2.4) | 8 (2.13) | 2 (4.88) | 2.473 (0.506–12.078) | 0.263 | 1.862 (0.37–9.384) | 0.451 | |
NA | 4 (0.96) | 2 (0.53) | 2 (4.88) | |||||
Mean number of cohabitants (sd) | 0.22 (0.55) | 0.23 (0.56) | 0.11 (0.39) | 0.563 (0.228–1.393) | 0.214 | 0.441 (0.152–1.275) | 0.131 | |
Children cohabitants | No | 401 (96.16) | 361 (96.01) | 40 (97.56) | ||||
Yes | 2 (0.48) | 2 (0.53) | 0 (0) | NE | NE | NE | NE | |
NA | 14 (3.36) | 13 (3.46) | 1 (2.44) | |||||
Nephew | No | 195 (46.76) | 179 (47.61) | 16 (39.02) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 89 (21.34) | 82 (21.81) | 7 (17.07) | 0.955 (0.378–2.41) | 0.922 | 0.856 (0.325–2.253) | 0.753 | |
NA | 133 (31.89) | 115 (30.59) | 18 (43.9) | |||||
Marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 223 (53.48) | 200 (53.19) | 23 (56.1) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Single | 57 (13.67) | 52 (13.83) | 5 (12.2) | 0.836 (0.303–2.305) | 0.729 | 0.652 (0.214–1.982) | 0.451 | |
Separated | 53 (12.71) | 47 (12.5) | 6 (14.63) | 1.11 (0.428–2.879) | 0.83 | 1.129 (0.429–2.971) | 0.806 | |
Widowed | 83 (19.9) | 76 (20.21) | 7 (17.07) | 0.801 (0.33–1.943) | 0.623 | 0.994 (0.395–2.503) | 0.99 | |
NA | 1 (0.24) | 1 (0.27) | 0 (0) | |||||
Smoker | No | 367 (88.01) | 331 (88.03) | 36 (87.8) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 49 (11.75) | 44 (11.7) | 5 (12.2) | 1.045 (0.389–2.803) | 0.931 | 0.78 (0.261–2.331) | 0.657 | |
NA | 1 (0.24) | 1 (0.27) | 0 (0) | |||||
Respiratory allergy | No | 291 (69.78) | 265 (70.48) | 26 (63.41) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 126 (30.22) | 111 (29.52) | 15 (36.59) | 1.377 (0.703–2.7) | 0.351 | 1.208 (0.602–2.424) | 0.596 | |
Co-morbidities | No | 137 (32.85) | 117 (31.12) | 20 (48.78) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 278 (66.67) | 258 (68.62) | 20 (48.78) | 0.453 (0.235–0.875) | 0.018 | 0.503 (0.255–0.992) | 0.047 | |
NA | 2 (0.48) | 1 (0.27) | 1 (2.44) | |||||
Group of co-morbidities | Respiratory | 86 (20.62) | 79 (21.01) | 7 (17.07) | 0.518 (0.209–1.284) | 0.156 | 0.613 (0.236–1.59) | 0.314 |
Cardiac | 120 (28.78) | 114 (30.32) | 6 (14.63) | 0.308 (0.119–0.795) | 0.015 | 0.341 (0.13–0.894) | 0.029 | |
Metabolic | 23 (5.52) | 20 (5.32) | 3 (7.32) | 0.877 (0.238–3.229) | 0.844 | 0.945 (0.255–3.51) | 0.933 | |
Tumours | 10 (2.4) | 10 (2.66) | 0 (0) | NE | NE | NE | NE | |
Thyroid | 23 (5.52) | 20 (5.32) | 3 (7.32) | 0.877 (0.238–3.229) | 0.844 | 0.848 (0.23–3.13) | 0.805 | |
Other | 16 (3.84) | 15 (3.99) | 1 (2.44) | 0.39 (0.049–3.119) | 0.375 | 0.448 (0.055–3.639) | 0.453 | |
None | 137 (32.85) | 117 (31.12) | 20 (48.78) | (reference) | (reference) | |||
NA | 2 (0.48) | 1 (0.27) | 1 (2.44) | |||||
Pneumococcal vaccination | No | 389 (93.29) | 349 (92.82) | 40 (97.56) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 28 (6.71) | 27 (7.18) | 1 (2.44) | 0.323 (0.043–2.44) | 0.273 | 0.389 (0.051–2.969) | 0.362 | |
Type of vaccination | PCV13 | 10 (2.4) | 10 (2.66) | 0 (0) | ||||
PPV23 | 17 (4.08) | 16 (4.26) | 1 (2.44) | NE | NE | NE | NE | |
NA | 390 (93.53) | 350 (93.09) | 40 (97.56) | |||||
Influenza vaccination in the previous season | No | 215 (51.56) | 191 (50.8) | 24 (58.54) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 202 (48.44) | 185 (49.2) | 17 (41.46) | 0.731 (0.38–1.406) | 0.348 | 0.84 (0.419–1.682) | 0.623 | |
Mean number of respiratory infections in the previous 6 months (sd) | 0.9 (1.87) | 0.89 (1.92) | 0.97 (1.32) | 1.022 (0.863–1.211) | 0.798 | 0.998 (0.827–1.203) | 0.981 | |
Mean number of upper respiratory tract in the previous 6 months (sd) | 0.61 (1.64) | 0.6 (1.67) | 0.74 (1.29) | 1.046 (0.874–1.251) | 0.625 | 1.005 (0.817–1.235) | 0.966 | |
Mean number of lower respiratory tract infections in the previous 6 months (sd) | 0.28 (0.68) | 0.29 (0.69) | 0.22 (0.48) | 0.823 (0.45–1.504) | 0.526 | 0.899 (0.49–1.646) | 0.729 | |
Hospitalizations in the last 3 months | No | 404 (96.88) | 363 (96.54) | 41 (100) | ||||
Yes | 13 (3.12) | 13 (3.46) | 0 (0) | NE | NE | NE | NE | |
Emergency Room visit in the last 3 months | No | 388 (93.05) | 352 (93.62) | 36 (87.8) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 24 (5.76) | 21 (5.59) | 3 (7.32) | 1.397 (0.397–4.912) | 0.602 | 1.651 (0.46–5.928) | 0.442 | |
NA | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (4.88) | |||||
Treatments with antibiotic in the last month | No | 368 (88.25) | 328 (87.23) | 40 (97.56) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 49 (11.75) | 48 (12.77) | 1 (2.44) | 0.171 (0.023–1.271) | 0.084 | 0.155 (0.021–1.158) | 0.069 | |
Pneumococcal infections in the last month | No | 363 (87.05) | 326 (86.7) | 37 (90.24) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
Yes | 54 (12.95) | 50 (13.3) | 4 (9.76) | 0.705 (0.241–2.063) | 0.523 | 0.606 (0.204–1.802) | 0.368 | |