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Fig. 9 | Immunity & Ageing

Fig. 9

From: Effects of thermal water inhalation in chronic upper respiratory tract infections in elderly and young patients

Fig. 9

Hypothetical model of immune modulation exerted by thermal water inhalation in elderly and young cURTI patients. The key result is represented by the increased levels of IL-21 which may lead to an augmented secretion of IL-17. Subsequent recruitment of neutrophils may also restore reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients. Consistent levels of IL-10, mainly produced by T regulatory cells, may restrain the potential induction of an exaggerated inflammatory pathway

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