Fig. 1

The senescent T cells are associated with inflammaging and age-related morbidities in RA. The late-stage differentiated (senescent) T cells are defined by phenotypic changes including loss of CD28 expression, acquisition of inflammatory (SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype) and cytotoxic functions, as well as expression the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which could underlie their ability to infiltrate peripheral inflammatory sites. These cells do not proliferate, because of shortened telomeres, but remain metabolic active. These cells have been found expanded in RA, of note during the clinical progression. They have been implicated with articular damage and osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairment