Table 1 Most common secondary conditions associated with different types of AIHA [5,6,7]
From: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives
Type of AIHA | Etiology |
|---|---|
Warm AIHA | Hematologic disorders and lymphoproliferative diseases (CLL, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) |
Solid malignancy (thymoma, ovarian or prostate carcinoma) | |
Autoimmune diseases (SLE, Sjögren syndrome, sytemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis ulcerosa, PBC) | |
Viral infections (HCV, HIV, VZV, CMV, SARS-CoV-2) | |
Bacterial infections (tuberculosisis, pneumococcal infections) | |
Leishmania parasites | |
Bone marrow or solid-organ transplantation | |
Primary immune deficiency syndromes (CVID, ALPS) | |
Sarcoidosis | |
CAD | Lymphoproliferative diseases (Waldenström macroglobulinemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) |
Solid malignancy | |
Infections (parvovirus B19, Mycoplasma sp., EBV, adenovirus, influenza virus, VZV infections and syphilis) | |
Autoimmune disease | |
Post-allogeneic HSCT | |
PCH | Bacterial infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli infections and syphilis) |
Viral infections (adenovirus, influenza A virus, VZV infection; mumps, measles) | |
Myeloproliferative disorders | |
Mixed AIHA | Lymphoma |
SLE | |
Infection | |
DIIHA | Antibiotics (cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, cotrimoxazole) |
Antiviral drugs: HAART | |
Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) | |
Chemotherapy (carboplatin, oxaliplatin) | |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) | |
Others: methyldopa |