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Table 1 The number of studies and the percentage (%) detecting significant change in systemic levels of IFA-related biomarkers.

From: An evaluation of the recognised systemic inflammatory biomarkers of chronic sub-optimal inflammation provides evidence for inflammageing (IFA) during multiple sclerosis (MS)

IFA biomarker

Number of studies/% detecting significant change

 

Serum/Plasma

CSF

IL-6

18/60

21/52

CRP

14/71

a

TNF-α

30/87

16/56

IL-1Ra

2/50

2/50

IL-10

10/60

8/63

  1. a One study [179] confirmed a raised level of CRP that was not significantly different from control values.