An evaluation of the recognised systemic inflammatory biomarkers of chronic sub-optimal inflammation provides evidence for inflammageing (IFA) during multiple sclerosis (MS)

Table 1 The number of studies and the percentage (%) detecting significant change in systemic levels of IFA-related biomarkers.

IFA biomarker	Number of studies/% detecting significant change
	Serum/Plasma	CSF
IL-6	18/60	21/52
CRP	14/71	^a
TNF-α	30/87	16/56
IL-1Ra	2/50	2/50
IL-10	10/60	8/63

^a One study [179] confirmed a raised level of CRP that was not significantly different from control values.

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