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Table 1 Simplified overview of functional conservation in immuno-ageing pathways between C. elegans, D. melanogaster, and mammals. The table outlines a general simplification of how pathway activation affects lifespan (LS) or immunity (IM). Positive effects of pathway activation, such as improved lifespan or immunity, are indicated by a blue “+”, negative with “- “in red. A star (*) symbol signifies that the effects are to some degree context-dependent (e.g. vary between tissues or sexes). The question mark (?) shows that the relationship between pathway and lifespan/immunity phenotype has not been studied or is too poorly understood to identify a general pattern

From: Functional conservation in genes and pathways linking ageing and immunity