Fig. 1

Proportions of classical, intermediate and non-classical populations (a), the chemotaxis function (b) and free radical production (c,d,e,f) of human monocytes from healthy subjects, SMC, MCI and AD patients. (a) the determination of the phenotypic proportion was based on CD14 and CD16 marker expression assessed by flow cytometry. Data are a combination of 40 independent experiments (10 in each groups) and are shown as the mean (vertical bars) ± SD. The asterisk corresponds to *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. (b) Comparison of the ability of monocytes from healthy, SMC, MCI and AD individuals to migrate in vitro spontaneously or upon chemotactic stimulation with MCP-1. 48-well micro chemotaxis chambers were used to assess the migration activity of cells by using MCP-1 as a chemoattractant. Data are a combination of 32 independent experiments and are shown as the mean of migrated monocyte numbers ± SD. c to f Proportion of monocytes producing reactive oxygen species in the blood of healthy elderly, SMC, MCI and AD patients. c at rest (control reagent); d upon stimulation by fMLP. e upon stimulation with opsonized E. coli. f upon PMA stimulation. Data are a combination of 34 independent experiments and are presented as the mean of percentage of monocytes (horizontal bars) ± SD. Each dot corresponds to one individual. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test to assess differences between patient groups. The asterisks correspond to *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001