Table 2 Risk factors associated with the clinical outcome (death or hospital discharge) of COVID-19 patients using Cox proportional hazards models
Univariate analysis* | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Male gender | 2.23 (1.60 to 3.12) | 0.016 | ||
Patient age & | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.06) | 9.8 × 10−4 | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.09) | 0.002 |
Baseline disease severity | 24.2 (13.3 to 44.1) | 1.1 × 10−7 | 38.0 (12.9 to 111.3) | 7 × 10− 4 |
Baseline symptoms | ||||
Fatigue | 2.02 (1.48 to 2.75) | 0.023 | ||
Baseline comorbidity | ||||
Cardiovascular disease | 2.33 (1.54 to 3.53) | 0.041 | ||
Blood routine biomarkers | ||||
White blood cells | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.21) | 3 × 10−10 | ||
Neutrophils | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.16) | 2.2 × 10−9 | ||
Lymphocytes | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.06) | 6 × 10− 10 | ||
Coagulation biomarkers | ||||
D-dimer | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.12) | 5.4 × 10−8 | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.13) | 0.006 |
Prothrombin time | 1.57 (1.43 to 1.72) | 9.6 × 10−7 | ||
Biochemistry biomarkers | ||||
Albumin | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.87) | 4.8 × 10−4 | ||
Aspartate aminotransferase | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) | 6.2 × 10− 4 | ||
Total cholesterol | 0.56 (0.46 to 0.67) | 0.0017 | ||
Total bilirubin | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.11) | 0.0001 | ||
Blood urea nitrogen | 1.15 (1.12 to 1.17) | 8.3 × 10−3 | ||
Creatinine | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | 6.3 × 10−5 | ||
Cardiac biomarkers | ||||
Troponin I | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.03) | 5 × 10−3 | ||
Myocardial creatine kinase | 1.38 (1.29 to 1.49) | 7.6 × 10−6 | ||
Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||
C-reactive protein | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.01) | 5.9 × 10−9 | ||
Procalcitonin | 8.38 (5.56 to 12.6) | 2.2 × 10−7 | ||
IL-6 | 1.11 (1.10 to 1.13) | 3 × 10−14 | 1.12 (1.10 to 1.14) | 0.025 |
IL-8 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | 6.2 × 10−7 | ||
IL-10 | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04) | 2.7 × 10−4 | ||
TNF-α | 1.04 (1.03 to 1.06) | 6.6 × 10−3 | ||