Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by gender
Characteristics | Total (n = 9111) | Male (n = 4305) | Female (n = 4806) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.8 (9.3) | 59.3 (9.2) | 58.3 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiterate, n (%) | 2578 (28.30) | 535 (12.43) | 2043 (42.51) |  |
 Primary school, n (%) | 3704 (40.65) | 2001 (46.48) | 1703 (35.43) |  |
Middle school or higher, n (%) | 2829 (31.05) | 1769 (41.09) | 1060 (22.06) | Â |
Married or partnered, n (%) | 8076 (88.64) | 3943 (91.59) | 4133 (86.00) | < 0.001 |
Ever smokers, n (%) | 3586 (39.36) | 3215 (74.68) | 371 (7.72) | < 0.001 |
Ever drinkers, n (%) | 3564 (39.12) | 2865 (66.55) | 699 (14.54) | < 0.001 |
Urban area, n (%) | 3256 (35.74) | 1513 (35.15) | 1743 (36.27) | 0.274 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.52 (3.62) | 23.05 (3.34) | 23.95 (3.80) | < 0.001 |
CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.99 (0.54–1.93) | 1.00 (0.55–1.93) | 0.98 (0.53–1.94) | 0.514 |
WBC (109/L), median (IQR) | 6.00 (5.10–7.10) | 6.00 (5.20–7.20) | 5.92 (5.00–7.00) | < 0.001 |
Frailty, n (%) | 1290 (14.16) | 451 (10.48) | 839 (17.46) | < 0.001 |
Frailty index, median (IQR) | 0.11 (0.05–0.19) | 0.08 (0.04–0.16) | 0.12 (0.06–0.21) | < 0.001 |