Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

Gender¹, n (%)

 male

12 (52)

5 (50)

8 (38)

4 (40)

 female

11 (48)

5 (50)

13 (62)

6 (60)

Age², years

 mean ± SD

24.2 ± 3.0^b

84.6 ± 8.1^a

85.7 ± 7.0^a

86.2 ± 5.0^a

 median

23

86.5

85

86.5

 min, max

20, 31

72, 96

71, 100

80, 94

BMI³, kg/m²

 mean ± SD

23.5 ± 2.1^a

24.6 ± 4.4^a

25.9 ± 5.8^a

24.2 ± 5.4^a

 median

24

24.8

24.7

24.5

 min, max

18.4, 26.3

16.2, 33.8

14.9, 41.1

14.9, 35.2

Diet form, n (%)

 omnivorous

16 (70)

10 (100)

21 (100)

10 (100)

 vegetarian

6 (26)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 vegan

1 (4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Major hospital admission cause⁴, n (%)

 geriatric trauma

-

5 (50)

12 (57)

5 (50)

 cardiovascular disease

-

2 (20)

8 (38)

5 (50)

 others (metabolic, respiratory, or neurological disease)

-

3 (30)

1 (5)

0 (0)

Length of hospital stay³, days

 mean ± SD

-

13.3 ± 6.8^a

25.8 ± 18.7^a

23 ± 10.7^a

 median

-

13.5

20

19.5

 min, max

-

5, 26

4, 99

4, 44

Major pre-existing conditions⁵, n (%)

 cardiovascular disease

-

10 (100)

21 (100)

10 (100)

 metabolic disease

-

9 (90)

13 (62)

8 (80)

 kidney disease

-

3 (30)

12 (57)

5 (50)

 musculoskeletal disease

-

5 (50)

9 (43)

5 (50)

 respiratory disease

-

2 (20)

8 (38)

3 (30)

 others (neurological, digestive, urogenital disease)

-

8 (80)

17 (81)

7 (70)

Hospital Frailty Risk score³

 mean ± SD

-

9.0 ± 6.4^a

8.8 ± 6.0^a

7.5 ± 3.8^a

 median

-

7.7

8.5

7.2

 min, max

-

1.4, 21

0, 25.1

2.9, 14.8

Medication used at hospital admission⁵, n (%)

 proton pump inhibitors

-

7 (70)

18 (86)

8 (80)

 diuretics

-

6 (60)

17 (81)

7 (70)

 anticoagulants/PAI

-

6 (60)

15 (71)

8 (80)

 analgesics

-

4 (40)

15 (71)

7 (70)

 ACEi/ARB

-

7 (70)

12 (57)

4 (40)

 beta-blockers

-

7 (70)

10 (48)

4 (40)

 other antihypertensives

-

1 (10)

9 (43)

2 (20)

 statins

-

2 (20)

9 (43)

6 (60)

 antidiabetics

-

2 (20)

3 (14)

3 (30)

 steroids

-

1 (10)

2 (10)

2 (20)

 others

-

5 (50)

14 (67)

6 (60)