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Fig. 1 | Immunity & Ageing

Fig. 1

From: Mitochondrial DNA and inflammatory proteins are higher in extracellular vesicles from frail individuals

Fig. 1

EV protein and concentration profile of the frailty cohort. A Plasma was separated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) into 10 fractions that were lysed and relative protein concentration was determined. The extracellular vesicle (EV)-enriched fractions F1–3 were pooled. The histogram represents the relative mean protein concentration for fractions from non-frail (n = 3) and frail (n = 3) individuals + standard error of the mean. B SEC EV fractions and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were lysed and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with antibodies against EV markers Flotillin-1, CD81, and CD9. GM130 and ApoA1 were used as purity markers. C Exo-Check™ Exosome Antibody Array was used to further validate EVs for common EV markers. Positive (+) control for the assay is indicated. D EV size and distribution were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, shown here by race and frailty status. The distribution was averaged for each group (African American non-frail n = 43, African American frail n = 41, White non-frail n = 47, White frail n = 46). E EV concentration values were log2 transformed. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between EV concentration and frailty status, accounting for sex, race, and poverty status (n = 177). The plot shows the linear regression values ± standard error of the estimated values. C) EV morphology and size were visualized using electron microscopy. Region outlined in red was zoomed in for further visualization (scale bars = 200 nm). AA = African American; F = fraction

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