Fig. 2

EV mtDNA levels are higher in frail individuals. Plasma EVs were isolated from participants in the frailty cohort (Table 1). DNA was then isolated from the EVs, and mtDNA levels were measured using mtDNA specific primers, targeting four regions of the mitochondrial genome (n = 177). EV mtDNA values were log₂ transformed. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between EV mtDNA levels and frailty status, accounting for sex, race, and poverty status. EV mtDNA levels amplified by the A) Mito_4625 primer sets and B) Mito_7878 primer sets were significantly higher in frail individuals. The plots show the linear regression values ± standard error of the estimated values