Fig. 1

a Gating strategy used in flow cytometric analyses to gate the cells of interest after surface staining. b Representative histogram plot for unstimulated (pink) vs NP + Mi + CpG (blue) for the upregulation of costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 on CD11c + bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from aged mice. c Estimates of log₂ fold change (log₂FC) and regulation tests for costimulatory molecules expressed on cell surfaces after stimulation by various adjuvants. All treatments were applied to cells from each of six mice (n = 6) with up to three technical replicates. The horizontal axis represents adjuvants; the vertical axis represents responses; color scale represents the log₂FC; asterisks represent the degree of significance: **** q < 0.001, *** q < 0.01, ** q < 0.05. Dual adjuvant combinations are omitted from the main text for conciseness. Please refer to Supplementary Fig. S1 for results of dual adjuvants and controls