Fig. 5

Targeted exosomes derived from MSCs regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was detected by qRT-PCR. The pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6 were significantly downregulated in the groups of MSC-Exo and MSC-RVG-Exo. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were much lower in the group of MSC-RVG-Exo than those in the group of MSC-Exo (a-c). After being treated by MSC-RVG-Exo, the mice showed elevated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 (d-f). The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6 and IL-4 in the brain were further detected through ELISA and the data showed that the concentrations of these cytokines was similar to the expression patterns of mRNA level (g-j). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus the AD group. #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 versus the MSC-Exo group, by one-way ANOVA; n = 5