From: The correlation between the Th17/Treg cell balance and bone health
Cytokine | Source | Effect on bone mass | Function in bone homeostasis | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1 | Macrophages | ↓ | Enhances the expression of RANKL to promote osteoclastogenesis | [31] |
IL-5 | Th2 | ↑ | Inhibits osteoclastogenesis | [21] |
IL-6 | Macrophages | ↓ | Activates osteoclastogenesis | [31] |
IL-10 | Treg | ↑ | Inhibits bone resorption | |
IL-17 | CD4+ T cells | ↓ | Enhances the expression of RANKL and induces macrophages to produce a variety of inflammatory factors | |
IL-35 | Treg | ↑ | Reduces the expression of IL-17 Inhibits osteoclastogenesis | [20] |
RANK | Osteoclasts | ↓ | Osteoclast differentiation and activation | [9] |
RANKL | Th17 | ↓ | Osteoclast activation through RANK | [7] |
GM-CSF | Th1 | ↑ | Inhibits osteoclastogenesis | [17] |
IFN-γ | Activated Th cells, NK cells | ↑ | Inhibits osteoclastogenesis | [17] |
TGF-β | Multiple cells lines | uncertain | Activates osteoclast Induces osteoblast formation | |
TNF-α | Th17, macrophages | ↓ | Activates osteoclastogenesis through RANKL | [31] |