Fig. 4

Epigenetic, phenotypic, functional, and transcriptional differences in monocytes from Kenyan adults vs. US adults. a Principal components analysis (PCA) plot of DNA methylation results for Kenyan adult (red; n = 8), Kenyan child (green; n = 8), and US adult (blue; n = 8) monocytes. b KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of genes associated with differentially methylated positions in monocytes from Kenyan adults vs. US adults, showing the most significantly enriched pathways. c Proportions of all circulating monocytes that are classical, intermediate, and nonclassical for PBMC samples from Kenyan adults (n = 14) and US adults (n = 4). Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the groups. d Monocyte cytokine production in response to 18 h of TLR4 (LPS 10 ng/ml) and TLR2/1 (P3C 100 ng/ml) stimulation in Kenyan adults (n = 10) and US adults (n = 14). Monocytes were negatively selected from fresh venous blood samples. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the groups. Data are shown as medians with interquartile ranges. e PCA plot of targeted digital RNA sequencing results for Kenyan adult (red; n = 7) and US adult (blue; n = 4) monocytes. f Heatmap of the top 35 most significantly differentially expressed genes between Kenyan adult (blue) and US adult (purple) monocytes