Fig. 3

Simplified overview of the insulin-insulin-like growth factor and TOR signalling (IIS/TOR) network. Activation of IIS/TOR network signalling is induced by insulin and insulin-like peptides, environmental cues and nutrients, and leads to a signalling cascade promoting growth and reducing lifespan. In absence of IIS/TOR signalling, such as under dietary restriction, Foxo transcription factors and the 4E-BP inhibitor of translation inhibit growth and promote longevity. Factors stimulating IIS/TOR signalling and thought to reduce lifespan are shown in red, those generally beneficial for lifespan in blue. Gene names are given in the white boxes in the order of C. elegans, D. melanogaster and H. sapiens (overall, equal to M. musculus). Genes with pleiotropic effects on immunity are marked in green and bold