Fig. 5

Flow Cytometry analysis of monocyte-derived human macrophage (MDM) subsets in healthy subjects, SMC, MCI, and AD patients based on the CD86, CD206 and Arginase-1 expression patterns. a Percentages of distribution of the two different subsets (M1 macrophages (CD86) and M2 macrophages (CD206 + Arginase-1)) at basal level with autologous sera are shown. The data are presented as the mean percentage (horizontal bars) ± SD of each macrophage subset according to CD86 and CD206+Arginase-1 expression. Data are a combination of 34 independent experiments and each dot corresponds to one individual. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test to assess differences between patient groups. The asterisk corresponds to *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001, whilst ns indicates non-significance. b to k Comparison of cytokine secretion by macrophages of healthy, SMC, MCI and AD individuals stimulated by LPS and Pg. Macrophages were treated with 10 ng/mL LPS or Pg extracts (20 μg/ml) for 3 h. b IFNγ, c IL-1β, d IL-6, e IL-8, f MCP-3, g TNFα, h IL-10, i MCP-1, j IL-12 (p40), k IL-12 (p70) protein release was measured in macrophage supernatants by Luminex xMAP® Technology as in M&M. Data are presented as means of released picograms per mL (pg/mL) ± SEM as a combination of 12 independent experiments. Dunnett’s multiple comparison test; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 versus LPS or Pg.