Fig. 6

Frailty Effects on Immune Responses to COVID-19. The estimated effect sizes and significance values for the impact of CFS frailty score on the assay results of this study. Estimates were provided for the unadjusted and adjusted effect of frailty, controlling for the effect of COVID-19 infection. Central points represent estimated effect size with whiskers to represent 95% CI. A p-value is provided with each estimate. Spike protein antibody and avidity over the full time course was impaired in individuals with higher frailty. The booster vaccine dose overcame the effects of frailty on spike antibody titers and avidity. CD4 + AIM and CD8 + AIM vaccine-specific responses were not significantly impacted by frailty. There was an association of higher frailty with a T cell memory phenotype of decreased CD8+ naïve and increased CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells. The estimated effect of frailty on CD8 + CD28- TEMRA cells was scaled by a factor of 6 to fit on the figure