Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and epidermal biophysical properties of subjects

Age (Yr) [mean ± sem, IQR, 95%CI]

77.04 ± 0.98, 17, 75.09–78.98

77.34 ± 0.72, 18, 75.94–78.79

77.26 ± 0.58, 18, 76.11–78.40

BMI (mean ± sem, IQR, 95%CI)

23.51 ± 0.32, 3.50, 22.88–24.13

24.55 ± 0.31, 5.86, 23.93–25.17

24.21 ± 0.24, 4.96, 23.74–24.68

SC Hydration (au) on the Forearm

22.89 ± 1.50, 20, 19.91–25.88

18.43 ± 0.90^a, 17, 16.65–20.21

19.88 ± 0.79, 16, 18.33–21.44

SC Hydration (au) on the Shin

13.49 ± 1.28, 15, 10.94–16.04

11.71 ± 0.74, 9.75, 10.26–13.16

12.29 ± 0.65, 12, 11.01–13.57

TEWL (g/m²/hr) on the Forearm

10.88 ± 0.90, 8, 9.097–12.66

11.70 ± 0.97, 10, 9.787–13.62

11.44 ± 0.72, 9, 10.02–12.85

TEWL (g/m²/hr) on the Shin

9.64 ± 1.13, 7, 7.400–11.88

8.81 ± 0.68, 7.75, 7.468–10.16

9.08 ± 0.59, 8, 7.926–10.24

Skin Surface pH on the Forearm

5.21 ± 0.07, 0.82, 5.068–5.343

5.51 ± 0.05^b, 1.02, 5.397–5.612

5.41 ± 0.04, 1.01, 5.321–5.494

Skin Surface pH on the Shin

5.36 ± 0.07, 0.80, 5.126–5.503

5.57 ± 0.05^c, 0.825, 5.573–5.766

5.57 ± 0.04, 0.96, 5.487–5.650