Fig. 1

Principal component (PCA) and volcano plot analysis. Panel A, Principal component analysis (PCA) between the study groups. The ellipses show a probability of 95% that a new data point from the same group is located inside the ellipse. The red points correspond to fracture subjects, and the blue points correspond to non-fracture subjects. Panel B, Volcano plot of the paired t-test between non-fracture vs. fracture. Statistically significant differences in protein expression levels were found after correction with Benjamini–Hochberg, which is represented by all the proteins being presented as red dots, that is, the corrected p‐values did reach < 0.05. The dotted line represents the corrected significance threshold of 0.05. On the y‐axis are log₁₀ of p‐values and on the x‐axis is the log₂ fold change between the two groups where a positive fold change indicates a lower protein level in the non-fracture than in the fracture