Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics of the patients included for analysis (values expressed as mean and standard deviation unless otherwise specified)

Age, years

81.23 (8.23)

87.25 (6.73)

75.20 (4.15)

0.026

Sex (men/female), n (%)

11 (27.5)/29 (72.5)

4 (20)/16 (80)

7 (35)/13 (65)

0.480

BMI (kg/m²)^a

27.39 (4.72)

24.91 (2.74)

29.87 (5.02)

0.003

Clinical status

CIRS-G score

11.45 (4.21)

12.7 (4.81)

10.2 (3.17)

0.060

Polypharmacy score

6.28 (3.16)

7.25 (3.09)

5.3 (3)

0.534

Osteoporosis (n, %)

10 (25%)

4 (20%)

6 (30%)

0.716

Functional status

Barthel Index (ADL), score^c

81.63 (26.13)

67.5 (30.41)

95.75 (7.48)

< 0.001

Functional Ambulation Category (n, %)

FAC 0 to 1

3 (7.5%)

3 (15%)

0 (0)

0.032

FAC 4 to 5

36 (92.5%)

17 (85%)

20 (100%)

Frailty score^d

2.18 (1.69)

3.05 (1.47)

1.3 (1.42)

< 0.001

Hand grip strength (Kg)

17.63 (9.8)

11.3 (6.24)

23.95 (8.6)

< 0.001

MNA score^e

23.43 (6.51)

18.83 (6.08)

28.03 (2.33)

< 0.001

Pfeiffer’s SPMSQ^f

2.55 (3.80)

5.05 (4.05)

0.5 (0.224)

< 0.001

Depression score (n, %)^g

8 (20%)

6 (42.9%)

2 (10%)

0.026

FRAX mayor score^h

9.76 (7,15)

13.4 (6.99)

6.12 (5.29)

< 0.001

FRAX hip scoreⁱ

4.43 (3.85)

6.29 (3.79)

2.58 (2.94)

< 0.001

Bone mineral density and body composition

BMD^j - total hip

0.873 (0.186)

0.735 (0.079)

0.976 (0.177)

0.001

BMD – femoral neck

0.869 (0.211)

0.739 (0.119)

0.966 (0.217)

0.011

BMD – lumbar spine

1.153 (0.256)

0.981 (0.18)

1.239 (0.247)

0.007

BMD – foreman

0.768 (0.314)

0.679 (0.127)

0.812 (0.37)

0.281

ASMI^k

6.24 (1.63)

5.06 (1.27)

7.43 (0.95)

< 0.001

ASM/BMI^l

0.607 (0.188)

0.526 (0.155)

0.687 (0.187)

0.005