Table 1 The role of sCD163 in various chronic diseases

Atherosclerosis

2.469 (0.264–9.063) mg/L (plasma)

Elevated in coronary atherosclerosis.

[49]

Liver failure

808.6 ± 433.0 ng/mL

(serum)

Elevated in fulminant liver failure, positively correlated with prolonged prothrombin time and mortality.

[50]

Cirrhosis

4.5 mg/L

(plasma)

Elevated in cirrhosis and has positive correlation with Child-Pugh classification, also portal hypertension predictor marker.

[51]

5.77 mg/L

(plasma)

Elevated in cirrhosis that caused by Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and correlated with other inflammatory markers.

[52]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver

disease (NAFLD)

2.5–3.9 mg/L

(plasma)

Liver fibrosis predictor.

[53]

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

1.95 (0.63–6.97) mg/L

(serum)

Elevated in T2DM and has positive correlation with insulin resistance.

[54]

Obesity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V

4.0 mg/L

(plasma)

Has positive correlation with increased fat mass and other inflammatory markers in CKD stage V.

[55]

HIV infection

2.89 (2.22–3.42) mg/L

(plasma)

Correlated with RNA viral load, risk for cardiovascular event (age, ethnic, body mass index, and HDL), also response to the treatment.

[56]

1343.0 ± 161.4 ng/mL

(plasma)

Correlated with neurocognitive disturbance.

[43]

From 1.085 (828 − 1.480) to 792

(562–1.025) ng/ml (plasma)

Has negative correlation with anti-retroviral treatment.

[57]

Leprosy

177.6 ± 62.18 ng/mL (serum)

Positively correlated with disease severity.

[58]

Visceral leishmaniasis

152.1 ± 67.86 ng/mL (serum)

Positively correlated with disease severity.

[58]

Autoimmune hepatitis

9.5 (3.3–28.8) mg/L

(plasma)

Has positive correlation with disease severity and disease activity, also with treatment response.

[59]

SLE

1581 ng/ml

(serum)

Diagnostic and disease activity marker for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in SLE.

[60]

483.7 ± 260.8 ng/mL

(serum)

Positively correlated with atherosclerosis plaque formation in SLE patients that have low cardiovascular event risk.

[61]

Lupus nephritis

67.04 ± 18.70 ng/mL

(serum)

Correlated with disease severity and poor prognostic indicator.

[62]

114.01 pg/mg

(urine)

Marker for disease activity in lupus nephritis.

[63]

2.91 ± 2.52 U/mL/mg/dL

(urine)

Disease activity marker for lupus nephritis and correlated with clinical manifestation, conventional laboratory test (urea and creatinine), also renal pathology.

[64]

22.02 (pg/mL)/(mg/dL)

(urine)

Can distinguish lupus nephritis patients from SLE without nephritis also has strong correlation with activity index of renal pathology.

[65]

Glomerulonephritis

3.9 µg/ mmol

(urine)

Stable marker for glomerulonephritis and can be used outside health facility also has correlation with treatment response.

[66]

Systemic sclerosis

529 ± 251 ng/mL

(serum)

Potential marker for systemic sclerosis.

[67]

984 ± 420 ng/mL

(serum)

Elevated in systemic sclerosis and negatively correlated with risk for digital ulcer but positively correlated with more severe skin manifestation.

[68]

Gastric cancer

0.291–1.76 µg/mL

(serum)

Diagnostic and prognostic marker in gastric cancer.

[69]