Table 4 Generalized linear mixed models describing the effects of variables on the three defense scores of adults T. molitor that experiences larval grown at relative humidity (H55, H70 and H85). The presented models are the most comprehensive ones minimizing the AIC criteria, including either (A) Growth duration or (B) Adult longevity, along with Immune challenge (before vs. after the immune challenge), Age at measurement (hemolymph sampled in young vs. old insects), their two-way and three-way interactions. Body mass of the insects measured before the immune challenge and sex were also included as main effect only. The larval humidity conditions and individual identity were included as random effects. The sample sizes for each category are as follows: H85—48 individuals measured young and 37 older; H70—35 individuals measured young and 41 older; H55—44 individuals measured young and 47 older (one outlier for growth duration was removed for all analysis)
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wald χ2 | d.f | P | Wald χ2 | d.f | P | Wald χ2 | d.f | P | |
(A) Models selected with growth duration as variable in the complete model | |||||||||
 Growth | 0.16 | 1 | 0.69 | 2.89 | 1 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 1 | 0.28 |
 Challenge | 21.5 | 1 |  < 0.001 | 42.9 | 1 |  < 0.001 | 781 | 1 |  < 0.001 |
 Age | - | - | - | 1.72 | 1 | 0.19 | 19.3 | 1 |  < 0.001 |
 Mass | 6.78 | 1 | 0.009 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Sex | 3.58 | 1 | 0.058 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Growth*Challenge | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Growth*Age | 0.19 | 1 | 0.66 | - | - | - | 1.51 | 1 | 0.22 |
 Challenge*Age | - | - | - | 3.62 | 1 | 0.06 | - | - | - |
 Growth*Challenge*Age | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.24 | 2 | 0.04 |
(B) Models selected with adult longevity as variable in the complete model | |||||||||
 Longevity | 0.81 | 1 | 0.37 | - | - | - | 6.18 | 1 | 0.013 |
 Challenge | 22.8 | 1 |  < 0.001 | 44.8 | 1 |  < 0.001 | 749 | 1 |  < 0.001 |
 Age | - | - | - | 1.16 | 1 | 0.28 | 23.8 | 1 |  < 0.001 |
 Mass | 6.31 | 1 | 0.012 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Sex | 4.20 | 1 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Longevity*Challenge | 2.35 | 1 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Longevity*Age | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
 Challenge*Age | - | - | - | 3.72 | 1 | 0.054 | 1.89 | 1 | 0.17 |
 Longevity*Challenge*Age | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.33 | 3 | 0.025 |