Fig. 6

Unbiased immune profiling of the T-cell differentiation confirms the expansion of senescent clusters in COVID-19. (A) The Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) method was performed in PBMCs (panel #3, stages of T-cell differentiation) to reduce dimensionality and 32 meta clusters were selected based on the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD27, CD28, CD57, and CD45RA molecules. (B) Heatmap displaying the relative expression (representativeness) of selected 15 clusters classified into different stages of T-cell differentiation (early, intermediate, and senescent/TEMRA). Additionally, 17 clusters were characterized by increased single expression of CD27, CD28, and CD4, as well as non-T cells and unspecified (see Figure S3). Shades of red represent increased expression while shades of blue denote decreased expression for each indicated marker. (C) The percentage of each cluster in Phenograph-identified clusters among the studied groups (control, overweight, and obese). Statistically significant differences are indicated: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and **** p < 0.0001 (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn’s multiple comparison test)